Recommended Citation:

The SSP quantifications and the data in this database should be cited as:

Keywan Riahi, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Elmar Kriegler, Jae Edmonds, Brian C. O’Neill, Shinichiro Fujimori, Nico Bauer, Katherine Calvin, Rob Dellink, Oliver Fricko, Wolfgang Lutz, Alexander Popp, Jesus Crespo Cuaresma, Samir KC, Marian Leimbach, Leiwen Jiang, Tom Kram, Shilpa Rao, Johannes Emmerling, Kristie Ebi, Tomoko Hasegawa, Petr Havlík, Florian Humpenöder, Lara Aleluia Da Silva, Steve Smith, Elke Stehfest, Valentina Bosetti, Jiyong Eom, David Gernaat, Toshihiko Masui, Joeri Rogelj, Jessica Strefler, Laurent Drouet, Volker Krey, Gunnar Luderer, Mathijs Harmsen, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Lavinia Baumstark, Jonathan C. Doelman, Mikiko Kainuma, Zbigniew Klimont, Giacomo Marangoni, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Michael Obersteiner, Andrzej Tabeau, Massimo Tavoni.
The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, Pages 153-168, 2017,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:110.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009

In addition, please cite also the following papers if you are using

1) the data of the IAM scenarios on low stabilization scenarios for 1.9 W/m2, or
2) the harmonized CMIP6 emissions data set:

1. Rogelj, J., Popp, A., Calvin, K.V., Luderer, G., Emmerling, J., Gernaat, D., Fujimori, S., Strefler, J., Hasegawa, T., Marangoni, G., Krey, V., Kriegler, E., Riahi, K., van Vuuren, D.P., Doelman, J., Drouet, L., Edmonds, J., Fricko, O., Harmsen, M., Havlik, P., Humpenöder, F., Stehfest, E., Tavoni, M., Scenarios towards limiting global mean temperature increase below 1.5 °C. Nature Climate Change 8, 2018, 325-332.
   DOI:10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3
2. Gidden, M. J., Riahi, K., Smith, S. J., Fujimori, S., Luderer, G., Kriegler, E., van Vuuren, D. P., van den Berg, M., Feng, L., Klein, D., Calvin, K., Doelman, J. C., Frank, S., Fricko, O., Harmsen, M., Hasegawa, T., Havlik, P., Hilaire, J., Hoesly, R., Horing, J., Popp, A., Stehfest, E., and Takahashi, K.: Global emissions pathways under different socioeconomic scenarios for use in CMIP6: a dataset of harmonized emissions trajectories through the end of the century, Geosci. Model Dev. Dev., 12, 1443-1475,
   DOI:10.5194/gmd-12-1443-2019, 2019.

For the five SSP IAM “marker” scenario sets please use the following citations:

SSP1: Detlef P. van Vuuren, Elke Stehfest, David E.H.J. Gernaat, Jonathan C. Doelman, Maarten van den Berg, Mathijs Harmsen, Harmen Sytze de Boer, Lex F. Bouwman, Vassilis Daioglou, Oreane Y. Edelenbosch, Bastien Girod, Tom Kram, Luis Lassaletta, Paul L. Lucas, Hans van Meijl, Christoph Müller, Bas J. van Ruijven, Sietske van der Sluis, Andrzej Tabeau, Energy, land-use and greenhouse gas emissions trajectories under a green growth paradigm, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 237-250,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.008

SSP2: Oliver Fricko, Petr Havlik, Joeri Rogelj, Zbigniew Klimont, Mykola Gusti, Nils Johnson, Peter Kolp, Manfred Strubegger, Hugo Valin, Markus Amann, Tatiana Ermolieva, Nicklas Forsell, Mario Herrero, Chris Heyes, Georg Kindermann, Volker Krey, David L. McCollum, Michael Obersteiner, Shonali Pachauri, Shilpa Rao, Erwin Schmid, Wolfgang Schoepp, Keywan Riahi, The marker quantification of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2: A middle-of-the-road scenario for the 21st century, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 251-267,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.004

SSP3: Shinichiro Fujimori, Tomoko Hasegawa, Toshihiko Masui, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Diego Silva Herran, Hancheng Dai, Yasuaki Hijioka, Mikiko Kainuma, SSP3: AIM implementation of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 268-283,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.009

SSP4: Katherine Calvin, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Leon Clarke, James Edmonds, Jiyong Eom, Corinne Hartin, Sonny Kim, Page Kyle, Robert Link, Richard Moss, Haewon McJeon, Pralit Patel, Steve Smith, Stephanie Waldhoff, Marshall Wise, The SSP4: A world of deepening inequality, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 284-296,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.010

SSP5: Elmar Kriegler, Nico Bauer, Alexander Popp, Florian Humpenöder, Marian Leimbach, Jessica Strefler, Lavinia Baumstark, Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Jérôme Hilaire, David Klein, Ioanna Mouratiadou, Isabelle Weindl, Christoph Bertram, Jan-Philipp Dietrich, Gunnar Luderer, Michaja Pehl, Robert Pietzcker, Franziska Piontek, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Anne Biewald, Markus Bonsch, Anastasis Giannousakis, Ulrich Kreidenweis, Christoph Müller, Susanne Rolinski, Anselm Schultes, Jana Schwanitz, Miodrag Stevanovic, Katherine Calvin, Johannes Emmerling, Shinichiro Fujimori, Ottmar Edenhofer, Fossil-fueled development (SSP5): An energy and resource intensive scenario for the 21st century, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 297-315,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.015

For the basic elements of the SSPs please cite in addition to the SSP overview also the following papers:

Population: Samir KC, Wolfgang Lutz, The human core of the shared socioeconomic pathways: Population scenarios by age, sex and level of education for all countries to 2100, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 181-192,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.06.004

GDP marker projections by the OECD: Rob Dellink, Jean Chateau, Elisa Lanzi, Bertrand Magné, Long-term economic growth projections in the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 200-214,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.06.004

GDP projections by IIASA: Jesús Crespo Cuaresma, Income projections for climate change research: A framework based on human capital dynamics, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 226-236,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.012

GDP Projections by PIK: Marian Leimbach, Elmar Kriegler, Niklas Roming, Jana Schwanitz, Future growth patterns of world regions – A GDP scenario approach, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 215-225,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.005

Urbanization: Leiwen Jiang, Brian C. O’Neill, Global urbanization projections for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 193-199,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.008

Additional detail about the energy, Land-use and air pollution trends of the SSP IAM scenarios can be found here:

Land-use: Alexander Popp, Katherine Calvin, Shinichiro Fujimori, Petr Havlik, Florian Humpenöder, Elke Stehfest, Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Jan Philipp Dietrich, Jonathan C. Doelmann, Mykola Gusti, Tomoko Hasegawa, Page Kyle, Michael Obersteiner, Andrzej Tabeau, Kiyoshi Takahashi, Hugo Valin, Stephanie Waldhoff, Isabelle Weindl, Marshall Wise, Elmar Kriegler, Hermann Lotze-Campen, Oliver Fricko, Keywan Riahi, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Land-use futures in the shared socio-economic pathways, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 331-345,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.2016.10.002

Air pollution: Shilpa Rao, Zbigniew Klimont, Steven J. Smith, Rita Van Dingenen, Frank Dentener, Lex Bouwman, Keywan Riahi, Markus Amann, Benjamin Leon Bodirsky, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Lara Aleluia Reis, Katherine Calvin, Laurent Drouet, Oliver Fricko, Shinichiro Fujimori, David Gernaat, Petr Havlik, Mathijs Harmsen, Tomoko Hasegawa, Chris Heyes, Jérôme Hilaire, Gunnar Luderer, Toshihiko Masui, Elke Stehfest, Jessica Strefler, Sietske van der Sluis, Massimo Tavoni. Future air pollution in the Shared Socio-economic Pathways, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 346-358,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.2016.05.012

Energy: Nico Bauer, Katherine Calvin, Johannes Emmerling, Oliver Fricko, Shinichiro Fujimori, Jérôme Hilaire, Jiyong Eom, Volker Krey, Elmar Kriegler, Ioanna Mouratiadou, Harmen Sytze de Boer, Maarten van den Berg, Samuel Carrara, Vassilis Daioglou, Laurent Drouet, James E. Edmonds, David Gernaat, Petr Havlik, Nils Johnson, David Klein, Page Kyle, Giacomo Marangoni, Toshihiko Masui, Robert C. Pietzcker, Manfred Strubegger, Marshall Wise, Keywan Riahi, Detlef P. van Vuuren, Shared Socio-Economic Pathways of the Energy Sector – Quantifying the Narratives, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, 2017, Pages 316-330,
ISSN 0959-3780, DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.07.006

Historical Emissions Inventories:

Velders, G.J.M., D.W. Fahey, J.S. Daniel, S.O. Andersen, M. McFarland, Future atmospheric abundances and climate forcings from scenarios of global and regional hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions, Atmospheric Environment, 123, 200-209, 2015.
DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.071

van Marle, M. J. E., Kloster, S., Magi, B. I., Marlon, J. R., Daniau, A.-L., Field, R. D., Arneth, A., Forrest, M., Hantson, S., Kehrwald, N. M., Knorr, W., Lasslop, G., Li, F., Mangeon, S., Yue, C., Kaiser, J. W., and van der Werf, G. R.: Historic global biomass burning emissions based on merging satellite observations with proxies and fire models (1750-2015), Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, 2017
DOI:10.5194/gmd-10-3329-2017

Hoesly, R. M., Smith, S. J., Feng, L., Klimont, Z., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Pitkanen, T., Seibert, J. J., Vu, L., Andres, R. J., Bolt, R. M., Bond, T. C., Dawidowski, L., Kholod, N., Kurokawa, J.-I., Li, M., Liu, L., Lu, Z., Moura, M. C. P., O’Rourke, P. R., and Zhang, Q.: Historical (1750-2014) anthropogenic emissions of reactive gases and aerosols from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS), Geoscientific Model Development, 11, 369- 408, 2018.
DOI:10.5194/gmd-11-369-2018

Gütschow, J., Jeffery, M. L., Gieseke, R., Gebel, R., Stevens, D., Krapp, M., and Rocha, M.: The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series, Earth System Science Data, 8, 571-603, 2016
DOI:10.5194/essd-8-571-2016

L.J. Carpenter and S. Reimann (Lead Authors), J.B. Burkholder, C. Clerbaux, B.D. Hall, R. Hossaini, J.C. Laube, and S.A. Yvon-Lewis, Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODSs) and Other Gases of Interest to the Montreal Protocol, Chapter 1 in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project - Report No. 55, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014
ISBN: 978-9966-076-01-4, http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ozone_2014/documents/3_Chapter1_2014OzoneAssessment.pdf